{"housing":{"type":"complex","info":"all metrics related to housing structures, rent, home prices, house age and construction quality","defaultChild":"units","children":{"home_price":{"type":"algorithm","info":"Median home price in the area","unit":"$","qualifier":"median"},"walkability_score":{"type":"rank","info":"Walkability score (0-100) based on amenity POI density: dining, retail, grocery, recreation, transit, parks. Calibrated as percentile rank. Research shows each point adds $700-$3,250 to home value.","unit":"score"},"home_price_index":{"type":"rank","info":"FHFA House Price Index: repeat-sales price appreciation index (base ~100). Measures cumulative home price growth from base year — not a dollar amount. Use to compare appreciation rates across tracts.","unit":"index"},"home_price_forecast_12m":{"type":"algorithm","info":"12-month-ahead projected home price: current blended home_price scaled by Zillow metro forecast (ZHVF). Falls back to current price where the forecast is missing.","unit":"$"},"price_to_rent_ratio":{"type":"algorithm","info":"Annual price-to-rent ratio: home price divided by annual rent. Research (Capozza et al.) shows this ratio mean-reverts to local equilibrium over 3-5 years. Values above ~20 suggest overvaluation relative to rental income.","unit":"ratio"},"price_to_income_ratio":{"type":"algorithm","info":"Home price to median household income ratio. Research shows income-price cointegration is one of the most robust relationships, surviving all three major structural breaks (2008, COVID, 2022 rate shock). National median ~4.5x.","unit":"ratio"},"units":{"type":"algorithm","info":"Total number of housing units in the area","unit":"units","qualifier":"total"},"occupied":{"type":"algorithm","info":"Percentage of total housing units that are occupied","unit":"%"},"vacant":{"type":"algorithm","info":"Percentage of total housing units that are vacant. This includes all vacant units, regardless of reason (for rent, for sale, vacation home, etc.)","unit":"%","negate":true},"owner_vacancy_rate":{"type":"algorithm","info":"Vacancy rate for owner-occupied housing","unit":"%","negate":true},"renter_vacancy_rate":{"type":"algorithm","info":"Vacancy rate for renter-occupied housing (housing that's available for rent but not currently occupied)","unit":"%","negate":true},"single_family":{"type":"algorithm","info":"Percentage of total housing units that are single-family homes","unit":"%"},"condo":{"type":"algorithm","info":"Percentage of total housing units that are condominium units","unit":"%"},"duplex":{"type":"algorithm","info":"Percentage of total housing units that are 2-family","unit":"%"},"triplex":{"type":"algorithm","info":"Percentage of total housing units that are either 3-family or 4-family","unit":"%"},"small_apartment_building":{"type":"algorithm","info":"Percentage of total housing units that are 5-9 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after 2000","unit":"%"},"built_after_2010":{"type":"algorithm","info":"Percentage of housing structures built after 2010","unit":"%"},"owner":{"type":"algorithm","info":"Percentage of owner-occupied housing","unit":"%"},"renter":{"type":"algorithm","info":"Percentage of renter-occupied housing","unit":"%"},"rent_to_price":{"type":"algorithm","info":"Median rent to home price ratio for the area","unit":"%","qualifier":"median"},"mortgage":{"type":"algorithm","info":"Percentage of housing units with a mortgage","unit":"%"},"no_mortgage":{"type":"algorithm","info":"Percentage of housing units with no mortgage","unit":"%"},"expenses_mortgage":{"type":"algorithm","info":"Median monthly expenses for units with a mortgage","unit":"$","negate":true,"qualifier":"median"},"expenses_no_mortgage":{"type":"algorithm","info":"Median monthly expenses for units with no mortgage","unit":"$","negate":true,"qualifier":"median"},"overcrowding":{"type":"algorithm","info":"Overcrowding score based on people per dwelling space","negate":true},"gas_heat":{"type":"algorithm","info":"Percentage of housing with a gas line running to their house","unit":"%"},"gastank_heat":{"type":"algorithm","info":"Percentage of housing with a gas tank that must be periodically refilled","unit":"%"},"electric_heat":{"type":"algorithm","info":"Percentage of housing with electric heat","unit":"%"},"oil_heat":{"type":"algorithm","info":"Percentage of housing with an oil tank that must be periodically refilled","unit":"%"},"coal_heat":{"type":"algorithm","info":"Percentage of housing that burns coal for heat","unit":"%"},"wood_heat":{"type":"algorithm","info":"Percentage of housing that burns wood for heat","unit":"%"},"solar_heat":{"type":"algorithm","info":"Percentage of housing with solar heat","unit":"%"},"other_heat":{"type":"algorithm","info":"Percentage of housing that uses other heat sources","unit":"%"},"no_heat":{"type":"algorithm","info":"Percentage of housing with no heat","unit":"%","negate":true},"by_age":{"type":"categorical rank","info":"Distribution of housing structures by decade they were built in. This is a useful metric both for investors seeking to minimize maintenance costs as well as those who prefer structures belonging to a specific decade","categories":["built_before_1939","built_1940_to_1949","built_1950_to_1959","built_1960_to_1969","built_1970_to_1979","built_1980_to_1989","built_1990_to_1999","built_2000_to_2009","built_after_2010"],"of":"units"},"by_type":{"type":"categorical","info":"Distribution of housing units by type","categories":["single_family","condo","duplex","triplex","small_apartment_building","medium_apartment_building","large_apartment_building","mobile_home","boat"],"of":"units"},"by_heat":{"type":"categorical","info":"Distribution of house heating methods by region","categories":["gas_heat","gastank_heat","electric_heat","oil_heat","coal_heat","wood_heat","solar_heat","other_heat","no_heat"],"of":"units"},"rent_vs_own":{"type":"categorical","info":"Distribution of home owners vs renters by zipcode","categories":["owner","renter"],"of":"units"},"by_bedroom_count":{"type":"categorical rank","info":"Distribution of housing units by bedroom count","categories":["no_bedrooms","1_bedroom","2_bedrooms","3_bedrooms","4_bedrooms","5_bedrooms_or_more"],"of":"units"},"by_room_count":{"type":"categorical rank","info":"Distribution of housing units by total room count (including living and family rooms)","categories":["1_room","2_rooms","3_rooms","4_rooms","5_rooms","6_rooms","7_rooms","8_rooms","9_rooms_or_more"],"of":"units"},"rent":{"type":"complex","info":"all metrics related to rent data from various sources","defaultChild":"rent","children":{"paying_rent":{"type":"rank","info":"Percentage of households paying rent","unit":"%"},"rent_expense_under_15":{"type":"rank","info":"Percentage of households paying 15% or less of their income in rent","unit":"%"},"rent_expense_15_to_20":{"type":"rank","info":"Percentage of households paying 15-20% of their income in rent","unit":"%"},"rent_expense_20_to_25":{"type":"rank","info":"Percentage of households paying 20-25% of their income in rent","unit":"%"},"rent_expense_25_to_30":{"type":"rank","info":"Percentage of households paying 25-30% of their income in rent","unit":"%"},"rent_expense_30_to_35":{"type":"rank","info":"Percentage of households paying 30-35% or more of their income in rent","unit":"%"},"rent_expense_above_35":{"type":"rank","info":"Percentage of households paying 35% or more of their income in rent","unit":"%"},"rent_expense_unknown":{"type":"rank","info":"Percentage of households with unknown rent expense","unit":"%"},"rent":{"type":"algorithm","info":"Median rent in the area","unit":"$","qualifier":"median"},"rent_burden":{"type":"algorithm","info":"Rent burden: annual rent as a percentage of median household income. Values above 30% indicate cost-burdened households (HUD standard). Research shows rent burden drives migration decisions — areas with high burden see net out-migration.","unit":"%","negate":true},"rent_confidence":{"type":"algorithm","info":"Confidence score for composite rent estimate (0-1). Higher = more/better data sources available.","unit":"ratio"},"studio_rent":{"type":"algorithm","info":"Composite studio rent estimate anchored to Zillow median rent, scaled by HUD bedroom ratio","unit":"$"},"1br_rent":{"type":"algorithm","info":"Composite one-bedroom rent estimate anchored to Zillow median rent, scaled by HUD bedroom ratio","unit":"$"},"2br_rent":{"type":"algorithm","info":"Composite two-bedroom rent estimate anchored to Zillow median rent (ratio ≈ 1.0, so result ≈ median rent)","unit":"$"},"3br_rent":{"type":"algorithm","info":"Composite three-bedroom rent estimate anchored to Zillow median rent, scaled by HUD bedroom ratio","unit":"$"},"4br_rent":{"type":"algorithm","info":"Composite four-bedroom rent estimate anchored to Zillow median rent, scaled by HUD bedroom ratio","unit":"$"},"5br_rent":{"type":"algorithm","info":"Five-bedroom rent estimate: applies census 5br/4br ratio to multi-source 4br estimate, clamped to at least 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Note: this includes cancelled sales","unit":"%"},"off_market_2_weeks_sfr":{"type":"rank","info":"Percent of single-family homes that went off-market in under 2 weeks. Note: this includes cancelled sales","unit":"%"},"off_market_2_weeks_mfr":{"type":"rank","info":"Percent of multi-family homes that went off-market in under 2 weeks. Note: this includes cancelled sales","unit":"%"},"off_market_2_weeks_th":{"type":"rank","info":"Percent of townhouses that went off-market in under 2 weeks. Note: this includes cancelled sales","unit":"%"},"off_market_2_weeks_condo":{"type":"rank","info":"Percent of condominiums that went off-market in under 2 weeks. Note: this includes cancelled sales","unit":"%"},"months_of_supply":{"type":"algorithm","info":"Months of housing supply: average monthly inventory divided by monthly sales pace. Research (Richmond Fed 2025) shows R²=0.347 for 1-year-ahead home price growth. Each additional month reduces next year's price growth by 1.4-2.0pp. Growth turns negative at ~8 months.","unit":"months"},"sales_by_type":{"type":"categorical","info":"Sales by property type","categories":["sales_sfr","sales_mfr","sales_th","sales_condo"]},"listings_by_type":{"type":"categorical","info":"Listings by property type","categories":["listings_sfr","listings_mfr","listings_th","listings_condo"]},"pending_sales_by_type":{"type":"categorical","info":"Mean pending sales per month by property type","categories":["pending_sales_sfr","pending_sales_mfr","pending_sales_th","pending_sales_condo"]},"sale_ppsf_by_type":{"type":"categorical","info":"Median price per square foot by property type","categories":["ppsf_sfr","ppsf_mfr","ppsf_th","ppsf_condo"]},"list_ppsf_by_type":{"type":"categorical","info":"Median list price per square foot by property 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degree","unit":"%","categories":["adult_male_graduate_acs5","adult_female_graduate_acs5"],"of":"adult"}}}},"defaultOf":"adult"},"government":{"type":"complex","info":"all metrics related to local government function, law enforcement, and politics","defaultChild":"democrat","children":{"democrat":{"type":"algorithm","info":"Proportion of the population that affiliates with Democratic party (based on presidential election data).","unit":"%"},"republican":{"type":"algorithm","info":"Proportion of the population that affiliates with the Republican party (based on presidential election data).","unit":"%"},"corruption":{"type":"algorithm","info":"Measure of political corruption by examining one-party dominance, tax burden, and law enforcement reporting integrity (NIBRS vs CDC ground truth).","unit":"score","negate":true},"migration_signal":{"type":"algorithm","info":"Governance quality signal from IRS migration data. Combines net household migration rate with AGI quality — counties losing both people and wealth score worse. Negative values indicate outmigration (poor governance).","unit":"%","negate":true},"bureaucracy":{"type":"algorithm","info":"Government employees per 1,000 residents (QCEW NAICS 92 — Public Administration). Higher values indicate larger bureaucratic overhead.","unit":"per 1k residents","negate":true},"permit_activity":{"type":"algorithm","info":"Building permits per 1,000 housing units. Low permits relative to housing stock indicates regulatory suppression of construction — jurisdictions hostile to development.","unit":"permits/1k units"},"corruption_convictions":{"type":"rank","info":"Federal public corruption convictions per capita by state (DOJ Public Integrity Section via CCI dataset, 1976-2015). Higher values indicate more prosecuted corruption.","unit":"per capita","negate":true},"political_affiliation":{"type":"categorical","info":"Political affiliation as ratio of total voting population.","categories":["democrat","republican"]},"taxes":{"type":"complex","info":"all metrics related to tax data","defaultChild":"income_tax","children":{"income_tax":{"type":"rank","info":"Effective mean income tax rate per household","unit":"%","negate":true},"tax_liability_households":{"type":"rank","info":"Percentage of households with income tax liability","unit":"%"},"sales_tax_rate":{"type":"algorithm","info":"Effective sales tax","unit":"%","negate":true},"property_tax_rate":{"type":"algorithm","info":"Real estate property tax for this area","unit":"%","negate":true},"tax_returns":{"type":"rank","info":"Total tax returns filed","unit":"returns","qualifier":"total"},"individuals":{"type":"rank","info":"Approximate number of individuals reported on taxes (these get computed from exemption and depndent data)","unit":"people"},"farm_returns":{"type":"rank","info":"Proportion of farm returns","unit":"%"},"paid_preparer":{"type":"rank","info":"Proportion of returns that were prepared by a paid 3rd party (tax prep service or advisor)","unit":"%"},"total_income":{"type":"rank","info":"Combined income of all households in the zipcode (before taxes or adjustments)","unit":"$"},"household_income":{"type":"rank","info":"Mean household income (before taxes or adjustments)","unit":"$","qualifier":"mean"},"per_capita_income":{"type":"rank","info":"Mean per capita income (before taxes or adjustments)","unit":"$","qualifier":"mean"},"salary_income":{"type":"rank","info":"Mean proportion of all income for this region that comes from regular salary (W2 job)","unit":"%","qualifier":"mean"},"salary_households":{"type":"rank","info":"Proportion of households with salary income (W2 job)","unit":"%"},"household_salary":{"type":"rank","info":"Mean proportion of household income that comes from regular salary (W2 job) (excludes households without salary income)","unit":"%","qualifier":"mean"},"interest_income":{"type":"rank","info":"Mean proportion of all income for this region that comes from interest payments","unit":"%","qualifier":"mean"},"interest_households":{"type":"rank","info":"Proportion of households with interest income","unit":"%"},"household_interest_income":{"type":"rank","info":"Mean proportion of household income that comes from interest (excludes households without interest income)","unit":"%","qualifier":"mean"},"dividend_income":{"type":"rank","info":"Mean proportion of all income for this region that comes from dividend payments","unit":"%","qualifier":"mean"},"dividend_households":{"type":"rank","info":"Proportion of households with dividend income","unit":"%"},"household_dividend_income":{"type":"rank","info":"Mean proportion of household income that comes from dividends (excludes households without dividend income)","unit":"%","qualifier":"mean"},"qualified_dividend_income":{"type":"rank","info":"Mean proportion of all income for this region that comes from qualified dividend payments (qualified dividends get taxed at lower capital-gains rate compared to regular dividends)","unit":"%","qualifier":"mean"},"qualified_dividend_households":{"type":"rank","info":"Proportion of households with qualified dividend income (qualified dividends get taxed at lower capital-gains rate compared to regular dividends)","unit":"%"},"household_qualified_dividend_income":{"type":"rank","info":"Mean proportion of household income that comes from qualified dividends (qualified dividends get taxed at lower capital-gains rate compared to regular dividends) (excludes households without qualified dividend income)","unit":"%","qualifier":"mean"},"business_income":{"type":"rank","info":"Mean proportion of all income for this region that comes from business income (real estate rental income falls within this category as well)","unit":"%","qualifier":"mean"},"business_households":{"type":"rank","info":"Proportion of households with business income (real estate rental income falls within this category as well)","unit":"%"},"household_business_income":{"type":"rank","info":"Mean proportion of household income that comes from business (real estate rental income falls within this category as well) (excludes households without business income)","unit":"%","qualifier":"mean"},"self_employed_income":{"type":"rank","info":"Mean proportion of all income for this region that comes from self-employment and S-Corps","unit":"%","qualifier":"mean"},"self_employed_households":{"type":"rank","info":"Proportion of households with self-employment income and S-Corps","unit":"%"},"household_self_employed_income":{"type":"rank","info":"Mean proportion of household income that comes from self-employment and S-Corps (excludes households without self-employment income)","unit":"%","qualifier":"mean"},"capital_gains":{"type":"rank","info":"Mean proportion of all income for this region that comes from capital gains","unit":"%","qualifier":"mean"},"capital_gains_households":{"type":"rank","info":"Proportion of households with capital gains income","unit":"%"},"household_capital_gains":{"type":"rank","info":"Mean proportion of household income that comes from capital gains (excludes households without capital gains)","unit":"%","qualifier":"mean"},"retirement_income":{"type":"rank","info":"Mean proportion of all income for this region that comes from personal retirements (i.e. IRA).","unit":"%","qualifier":"mean"},"retirement_households":{"type":"rank","info":"Proportion of households with persoanl retirement income","unit":"%"},"household_retirement_income":{"type":"rank","info":"Mean proportion of household income that comes from personal retirements (excludes households without retirement income)","unit":"%","qualifier":"mean"},"pension_income":{"type":"rank","info":"Mean proportion of all income for this region that comes from pensions (i.e. 401k).","unit":"%","qualifier":"mean"},"pension_households":{"type":"rank","info":"Proportion of households with pension income","unit":"%"},"household_pension_income":{"type":"rank","info":"Mean proportion of household income that comes from pensions (excludes households without pension income)","unit":"%","qualifier":"mean"},"self_employed_retirement":{"type":"rank","info":"Mean proportion of all income for this region that comes from self-employed retirement accounts","unit":"%","qualifier":"mean"},"self_employed_retirement_households":{"type":"rank","info":"Proportion of households with self-employed retirement income","unit":"%"},"household_self_employed_retirement":{"type":"rank","info":"Mean proportion of household income that comes from self-employed retirement (excludes households without this income)","unit":"%","qualifier":"mean"},"unemployment_income":{"type":"rank","info":"Mean proportion of all income for this region that comes from unemployment subsidies","unit":"%","qualifier":"mean"},"unemployment_households":{"type":"rank","info":"Proportion of households with unemployment subsidies","unit":"%"},"household_unemployment_income":{"type":"rank","info":"Mean proportion of household income that comes from unemployment subsidies (excludes households without unemployment income)","unit":"%","qualifier":"mean"},"social_security_income":{"type":"rank","info":"Mean proportion of all income for this region that comes from Social Security","unit":"%","qualifier":"mean"},"social_security_households":{"type":"rank","info":"Proportion of households with Social Security income","unit":"%"},"household_social_security":{"type":"rank","info":"Mean proportion of household income that comes from Social Security (excludes households without this income)","unit":"%","qualifier":"mean"},"home_mortgage_interest":{"type":"rank","info":"Mean proportion of all income for this region used to pay the interest portion of home mortgage","unit":"%","qualifier":"mean"},"home_mortgage_households":{"type":"rank","info":"Proportion of households with home mortgage interest payments","unit":"%"},"household_home_mortgage":{"type":"rank","info":"Mean proportion of household income used to pay the interest portion of home mortgage (excludes households without these payments)","unit":"%","qualifier":"mean"},"real_estate_tax":{"type":"rank","info":"Mean proportion of all income for this region used to pay real estate taxes","unit":"%","qualifier":"mean"},"real_estate_tax_households":{"type":"rank","info":"Proportion of households paying real estate taxes","unit":"%"},"household_real_estate_tax":{"type":"rank","info":"Mean proportion of household income that is used to pay real estate taxes (excludes households not paying this tax)","unit":"%","qualifier":"mean"},"personal_property_tax":{"type":"rank","info":"Mean proportion of all income for this region used to pay personal property taxes (this is typically a tax on expensive posessions such as cars and boats)","unit":"%","qualifier":"mean"},"personal_property_tax_households":{"type":"rank","info":"Proportion of households paying personal property taxes (this is typically a tax on expensive posessions such as cars and boats)","unit":"%"},"household_personal_property_tax":{"type":"rank","info":"Mean proportion of household income that is used to pay personal property taxes (this is typically a tax on expensive posessions such as cars and boats) (excludes households not paying this tax)","unit":"%","qualifier":"mean"},"local_tax":{"type":"rank","info":"Mean proportion of all income for this region used to pay local (city and state) income taxes","unit":"%","qualifier":"mean"},"local_tax_households":{"type":"rank","info":"Proportion of households paying local (city and state) income taxes","unit":"%"},"household_local_tax":{"type":"rank","info":"Mean proportion of household income that is used to pay local (city and state) income taxes (excludes households not paying this tax)","unit":"%","qualifier":"mean"},"sales_tax":{"type":"rank","info":"Mean proportion of all income for this region spent on sales taxes","unit":"%","qualifier":"mean"},"sales_tax_households":{"type":"rank","info":"Proportion of households with declared sales taxes","unit":"%"},"household_sales_tax":{"type":"rank","info":"Mean proportion of household income that is used to pay sales taxes (excludes households not declaring this tax)","unit":"%","qualifier":"mean"},"charity":{"type":"rank","info":"Mean proportion of all income for this region used for charity donations","unit":"%","qualifier":"mean"},"charity_households":{"type":"rank","info":"Proportion of households with charity donations","unit":"%"},"household_charity":{"type":"rank","info":"Mean proportion of household income used for charity donations (excludes households without charity contributions)","unit":"%","qualifier":"mean"},"income_by_source":{"type":"categorical","info":"Mean income source distribution per zipcode.","categories":["salary_income","business_income","self_employed_income","capital_gains","interest_income","dividend_income","qualified_dividend_income","unemployment_income","social_security_income","retirement_income","pension_income","self_employed_retirement"]},"income_by_household":{"type":"categorical","info":"Distribution of households receiving part of their income per income type","categories":["salary_households","business_households","self_employed_households","capital_gains_households","interest_households","dividend_households","qualified_dividend_households","unemployment_households","social_security_households","retirement_households","pension_households","self_employed_retirement_households"]},"taxes_by_type":{"type":"categorical","info":"Distribution of taxes and deductible contributions per zipcode","categories":["income_tax","local_tax","sales_tax","real_estate_tax","personal_property_tax","home_mortgage_interest","charity"]},"taxes_by_household":{"type":"categorical","info":"Distribution of households paying each tax","categories":["tax_liability_households","local_tax_households","sales_tax_households","real_estate_tax_households","personal_property_tax_households","home_mortgage_households","charity_households"]}}},"crime":{"type":"complex","info":"Crime statistics combining FBI NIBRS data with FEMA social vulnerability scores. Composite metrics (safety score, crime index) are more reliable than raw FBI rates.","defaultChild":"safety_score","children":{"safety_score":{"type":"algorithm","info":"Composite safety score from 0-100 (100 = safest). Blends CDC homicide rate (death certificates), NIBRS property crime, and ACS-derived crime vulnerability for tract-level precision.","unit":"score"},"property_safety_score":{"type":"algorithm","info":"Property safety score from 0-100 (100 = safest). Focuses on burglary, theft, and vandalism rates. Key metric for landlords.","unit":"score"},"violent_crime_rate":{"type":"rank","info":"Violent crimes per 100,000 population (FBI agency self-reported). Includes murder, assault, robbery, rape. Key metric for tenant safety.","unit":"per 100k","negate":true},"property_crime_rate":{"type":"rank","info":"Property crimes per 100,000 population (FBI agency self-reported). Includes burglary, theft, vehicle theft, arson, vandalism. Key metric for landlords.","unit":"per 100k","negate":true},"nuisance_rate":{"type":"rank","info":"Nuisance crimes per 100,000 population (FBI agency self-reported). Includes drug offenses, disorderly conduct, vandalism. Affects tenant retention.","unit":"per 100k","negate":true},"total_crime_rate":{"type":"rank","info":"Total crimes per 100,000 population (FBI agency self-reported).","unit":"per 100k","qualifier":"total","negate":true},"clearance_rate":{"type":"rank","info":"Percentage of crimes cleared/solved by police. Higher rates indicate more effective law enforcement.","unit":"%"},"police_presence":{"type":"rank","info":"Police officers per 1,000 residents based on FBI NIBRS agency data.","unit":"per 1k"},"crime_index":{"type":"algorithm","info":"Computed crime index (lower = safer). Under 100 = very safe, under 200 = ok, higher = risky. Based on CDC homicide rate (death certificates), NIBRS property/nuisance, and ACS-derived crime vulnerability.","unit":"index","negate":true},"police_force":{"type":"algorithm","info":"Police officers per 1000 residents (NIBRS data, 2019+)."},"crime_vulnerability":{"type":"rank","info":"Crime vulnerability index — tract-level percentile ranking of 8 ACS variables validated against CDC homicide rates. Higher = more vulnerable to crime.","unit":"score","negate":true},"crime_disadvantage":{"type":"rank","info":"Crime vulnerability Theme A: Concentrated disadvantage (poverty, single-parent households, minority %, no HS diploma)","unit":"score","negate":true},"crime_structural_vulnerability":{"type":"rank","info":"Crime vulnerability Theme B: Structural vulnerability (unemployment, disability, vacancy)","unit":"score","negate":true},"crime_protection":{"type":"rank","info":"Crime vulnerability Theme C: Protection factors (foreign-born population — inverted, higher foreign-born = lower crime vulnerability)","unit":"score","negate":true},"chr_homicide_rate":{"type":"rank","info":"Homicide rate per 100k from County Health Rankings (NCHS death certificates, ICD-10 X85-Y09). 7-year pooled windows comparable to ACS 5-year estimates. Independently verified — not police self-reported.","unit":"per 100k","negate":true},"fbi_reported":{"type":"categorical","info":"Raw crime rates from FBI NIBRS agency self-reports. Agencies have incentive to underreport — use composite scores for decision-making.","categories":["violent_crime_rate","property_crime_rate","nuisance_rate","total_crime_rate"]}}},"eviction":{"type":"complex","info":"Eviction laws, filing rates, and landlord friction metrics. Legal timelines from evictionlawsbystate.com, filing rates from Princeton Eviction Lab.","defaultChild":"eviction_friction","children":{"notice_nonpayment_days":{"type":"rank","info":"Days of notice required before filing eviction for nonpayment of rent. Ranges from 3 (TX, FL) to 30 (NJ, DC).","unit":"days","negate":true},"notice_violation_days":{"type":"rank","info":"Days of notice required before filing eviction for lease violations.","unit":"days","negate":true},"notice_nofault_days":{"type":"rank","info":"Days of notice required for no-fault termination (e.g. lease non-renewal). Ranges from 7 to 90 days.","unit":"days","negate":true},"cure_period_days":{"type":"rank","info":"Days tenant has to cure (fix) the violation before eviction proceeds. 0 in states with no cure right.","unit":"days","negate":true},"just_cause_required":{"type":"rank","info":"Whether the state requires just cause (specific legal reason) to evict. 1 = required, 0 = not required.","negate":true},"estimated_timeline":{"type":"rank","info":"Estimated total days from decision to evict through enforcement. Composite of notice period, cure period, court processing, and judgment.","unit":"days","negate":true},"filing_rate":{"type":"rank","info":"Eviction filings as a fraction of renter-occupied households (Eviction Lab, 2000-2018). Low rates in high-burden areas signal landlords using cash-for-keys instead of courts.","unit":"%"},"filing_rate_state_avg":{"type":"rank","info":"State-level average eviction filing rate (Eviction Lab, most recent year). Used in the friction formula instead of county-level rates to avoid within-state noise from sparse rural rental markets.","unit":"%"},"estimated_timeline_min":{"type":"rank","info":"Optimistic total eviction timeline in days — uncontested district court case with no cure period. Source: iPropertyManagement.com per-state process guides.","unit":"days","negate":true},"estimated_timeline_max":{"type":"rank","info":"Realistic total eviction timeline in days — contested case, possible housing court transfer, mediation delays. Source: iPropertyManagement.com. Contested MA/IL cases routinely exceed this; NYC averages ~2 years.","unit":"days","negate":true},"rent_free_period":{"type":"rank","info":"Days tenant can legally withhold rent during eviction proceedings. States like MA (90d), NY (90d), NJ (60d) let tenants live rent-free throughout the process. Source: curated from NLIHC state summaries.","unit":"days","negate":true},"section8_protected":{"type":"rank","info":"Whether voucher/Section 8 status is a protected class in the state (source of income law). 1 = protected, making it legally risky to screen out or evict Section 8 tenants. Source: HUD SOI protections map + PRRAC Appendix B.","negate":true},"eviction_total_cost_min":{"type":"rank","info":"Low-end total eviction cost estimate (filing fee + constable + minimal lost rent). Assumes uncontested, fast process with no attorney. Source: calculated from pipeline data.","unit":"$","negate":true},"eviction_total_cost_max":{"type":"rank","info":"High-end total eviction cost estimate — includes lost rent during proceedings, attorney fees where needed, cash-for-keys pressure (0.5× monthly rent per contested month), and typical damages/cleaning. Reflects what landlords actually budget for problem tenants.","unit":"$","negate":true},"right_to_counsel":{"type":"rank","info":"Whether the city/county has a right-to-counsel program giving tenants free legal representation in eviction proceedings. Effectively converts all cases to contested housing court timelines. Source: NLIHC Tenant Protections Database (hardcoded; verify annually at nlihc.org/tenant-protections).","negate":true},"local_just_cause":{"type":"rank","info":"Whether the city/county has a just-cause eviction requirement beyond state law. Source: NLIHC Tenant Protections Database.","negate":true},"rent_stabilization":{"type":"rank","info":"Whether the city/county has rent control or rent stabilization in effect. Source: NLIHC Tenant Protections Database.","negate":true},"county_timeline_max":{"type":"rank","info":"County-level contested eviction timeline (days). State baseline for all ~3144 counties; overridden for NYC boroughs (540d), King County WA (270d), Cook County IL (180d), Boston-area MA courts (Suffolk 165d, Middlesex 195d). Dense table — every county has a value so L2 broadcast stays accurate.","unit":"days","negate":true},"eviction_friction":{"type":"algorithm","info":"Composite eviction difficulty: contested-case timeline weighted by filing rate suppression and local right-to-counsel. Uses county_timeline_max (dense table: state baseline + 9 court overrides). In states with punishing laws (MA, NJ, CA), low filing rates signal cash-for-keys is rational; counties with right-to-counsel programs amplify this by 30%.","unit":"score","negate":true}}},"regulatory":{"type":"complex","info":"Regulatory burden and economic freedom metrics. Mercatus RegData (regulation counts) and Cato Freedom in the 50 States (policy sub-indices).","defaultChild":"regulatory_burden","children":{"regulatory_burden":{"type":"rank","info":"Total regulatory restrictions in state administrative code (Mercatus RegData v5.0). Counts mandatory language (shall, must, may not, prohibited, required). CA leads with ~1.6M; AK lowest at ~118K.","unit":"restrictions","qualifier":"total","negate":true},"re_restrictions":{"type":"rank","info":"Regulatory restrictions targeting real estate (NAICS 531), probability-weighted from Mercatus RegData.","unit":"restrictions","negate":true},"construction_restrictions":{"type":"rank","info":"Regulatory restrictions targeting construction (NAICS 236), probability-weighted from Mercatus RegData.","unit":"restrictions","negate":true},"overall_freedom":{"type":"rank","info":"Overall freedom score from Cato Freedom in the 50 States (composite of fiscal, regulatory, and personal freedom).","unit":"score"},"fiscal_freedom":{"type":"rank","info":"Fiscal policy freedom score — tax burden, government spending, fiscal decentralization.","unit":"score"},"regulatory_freedom":{"type":"rank","info":"Regulatory policy freedom score — land use, labor market, occupational licensing, lawsuit, health insurance regulations.","unit":"score"},"personal_freedom":{"type":"rank","info":"Personal freedom score — gun rights, alcohol, marijuana, gambling, education choice, marriage, civil liberties.","unit":"score"},"land_use":{"type":"rank","info":"Land-use and zoning freedom sub-index. Includes rent control, Wharton Residential Land Use Regulatory Index, eminent domain reform.","unit":"score"}}}}},"environment":{"type":"complex","info":"all metrics related to climate and geography","defaultChild":"precipitation","children":{"elevation":{"type":"rank","info":"Weather station elevation","unit":"score"},"air_pollution":{"type":"rank","info":"Air Pollution Index (2016 data only)","unit":"score","negate":true},"precipitation":{"type":"rank","info":"Annual precipitation (2016 data only)","unit":"inches"},"january_average_high":{"type":"rank","info":"Average high temperature in January (2016 data only)","unit":"° F"},"january_average_low":{"type":"rank","info":"Average low temperature in January (2016 data only)","unit":"° F"},"july_average_high":{"type":"rank","info":"Average high temperature in July (2016 data only)","unit":"° F"},"july_average_low":{"type":"rank","info":"Average low temperature in July (2016 data only)","unit":"° F"},"land_area":{"type":"rank","info":"Square miles of land area in a given region","unit":"sq. mi."},"water_area":{"type":"rank","info":"Square miles of water area in a given region","unit":"sq. mi."},"land":{"type":"complex","info":"land cover and land use","defaultChild":"total","children":{"total":{"type":"rank","info":"Total land area","unit":"meters²","qualifier":"total"},"open_water":{"type":"rank","info":"Percentage of land mass that's open water","unit":"%"},"perennial_ice":{"type":"rank","info":"Percentage of land mass that's perennial snow or ice","unit":"%"},"open_space":{"type":"rank","info":"Percentage of land mass that's classified open space (parks, golf courses, etc.) (less than 20% urban density)","unit":"%"},"low_density":{"type":"rank","info":"Percentage of land mass that's classified low intensity urban improvements (residential, commercial, etc.) (20-49% urban density)","unit":"%"},"medium_density":{"type":"rank","info":"Percentage of land mass that's classified medium intensity urban improvements (residential, commercial, etc.) (50-79% urban density)","unit":"%"},"high_density":{"type":"rank","info":"Percentage of land mass that's classified high intensity urban improvements (residential, commercial, etc.) (80%+ urban density)","unit":"%"},"barren_land":{"type":"rank","info":"Percentage of land mass that's classified barren land (rock, sand, clay, etc.)","unit":"%"},"deciduous_forest":{"type":"rank","info":"Percentage of land mass that's classified deciduous forest (trees that lose their leaves in the winter)","unit":"%"},"evergreen_forest":{"type":"rank","info":"Percentage of land mass that's classified evergreen forest (trees that keep their leaves year-round)","unit":"%"},"mixed_forest":{"type":"rank","info":"Percentage of land mass that's classified mixed forest (evergreen and deciduous)","unit":"%"},"shrub_scrub":{"type":"rank","info":"Percentage of land mass that's classified shrub or scrub (dense vegetation that's not quite a forest)","unit":"%"},"grassland_herbaceous":{"type":"rank","info":"Percentage of land mass that's classified grassland or herbaceous (grasses, grass-like plants, etc.)","unit":"%"},"pasture_hay":{"type":"rank","info":"Percentage of land mass that's classified pasture or hay (grazed forage crops)","unit":"%"},"cultivated_crops":{"type":"rank","info":"Percentage of land mass that's classified cultivated crops (crops that are planted and harvested)","unit":"%"},"woody_wetlands":{"type":"rank","info":"Percentage of land mass that's classified woody wetlands (wetlands with woody vegetation)","unit":"%"},"herbaceous_wetlands":{"type":"rank","info":"Percentage of land mass that's classified herbaceous wetlands (wetlands with non-woody vegetation)","unit":"%"},"unclassified":{"type":"rank","info":"Percentage of land mass that's unclassified","unit":"%"},"by_use":{"type":"categorical","info":"Distribution of land use by type","categories":["open_water","perennial_ice","open_space","low_density","medium_density","high_density","barren_land","deciduous_forest","evergreen_forest","mixed_forest","shrub_scrub","grassland_herbaceous","pasture_hay","cultivated_crops","woody_wetlands","herbaceous_wetlands","unclassified"]}}},"flood":{"type":"complex","info":"metrics related to flood risk","defaultChild":"flood_risk","children":{"properties":{"type":"rank","info":"Total number of properties tracked","unit":"properties","qualifier":"total"},"flood_risk":{"type":"algorithm","info":"Overall flood risk based on all flood factors","unit":"score","negate":true},"flood_risk_1":{"type":"rank","info":"Percentage of properties with flood risk level 1 (low)","unit":"%","negate":true},"flood_risk_2":{"type":"rank","info":"Percentage of properties with flood risk level 2 (low)","unit":"%","negate":true},"flood_risk_3":{"type":"rank","info":"Percentage of properties with flood risk level 3 (low/moderate)","unit":"%","negate":true},"flood_risk_4":{"type":"rank","info":"Percentage of properties with flood risk level 4 (low/moderate)","unit":"%","negate":true},"flood_risk_5":{"type":"rank","info":"Percentage of properties with flood risk level 5 (moderate)","unit":"%","negate":true},"flood_risk_6":{"type":"rank","info":"Percentage of properties with flood risk level 6 (moderate)","unit":"%","negate":true},"flood_risk_7":{"type":"rank","info":"Percentage of properties with flood risk level 7 (high)","unit":"%","negate":true},"flood_risk_8":{"type":"rank","info":"Percentage of properties with flood risk level 8 (high)","unit":"%","negate":true},"flood_risk_9":{"type":"rank","info":"Percentage of properties with flood risk level 9 (major)","unit":"%","negate":true},"flood_risk_10":{"type":"rank","info":"Percentage of properties with flood risk level 10 (major)","unit":"%","negate":true},"flood_zones":{"type":"categorical rank","info":"Proportion of flood risk by region","categories":["flood_risk_10","flood_risk_9","flood_risk_8","flood_risk_7","flood_risk_6","flood_risk_5","flood_risk_4","flood_risk_3","flood_risk_2","flood_risk_1"]}}},"fire":{"type":"complex","info":"metrics related to fire risk","defaultChild":"fire_risk","children":{"properties":{"type":"rank","info":"Total number of properties tracked","unit":"properties","qualifier":"total"},"fire_risk":{"type":"rank","info":"Average fire risk","unit":"score","negate":true},"moderate_risk":{"type":"rank","info":"Percentage of properties with moderate fire risk","unit":"%","negate":true},"major_risk":{"type":"rank","info":"Percentage of properties with major fire risk","unit":"%","negate":true},"fire_risk_1":{"type":"rank","info":"Percentage of properties with fire risk level 1 (low)","unit":"%","negate":true},"fire_risk_2":{"type":"rank","info":"Percentage of properties with fire risk level 2 (low)","unit":"%","negate":true},"fire_risk_3":{"type":"rank","info":"Percentage of properties with fire risk level 3 (low/moderate)","unit":"%","negate":true},"fire_risk_4":{"type":"rank","info":"Percentage of properties with fire risk level 4 (low/moderate)","unit":"%","negate":true},"fire_risk_5":{"type":"rank","info":"Percentage of properties with fire risk level 5 (moderate)","unit":"%","negate":true},"fire_risk_6":{"type":"rank","info":"Percentage of properties with fire risk level 6 (moderate/high)","unit":"%","negate":true},"fire_risk_7":{"type":"rank","info":"Percentage of properties with fire risk level 7 (high)","unit":"%","negate":true},"fire_risk_8":{"type":"rank","info":"Percentage of properties with fire risk level 8 (high)","unit":"%","negate":true},"fire_risk_9":{"type":"rank","info":"Percentage of properties with fire risk level 9 (high)","unit":"%","negate":true},"fire_risk_10":{"type":"rank","info":"Percentage of properties with fire risk level 10 (high)","unit":"%","negate":true},"fire_zones":{"type":"categorical rank","info":"Proportion of fire risk by 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